A speech has substance when it has a worthwhile message that is supported by facts and figures, testimony, examples, and/or narratives. The starting point for a substantive presentation is a well-chosen topic that interests both speaker and listeners, once they are shown how it affects their lives. Generally, speakers should already know something about the topics they select. This knowledge serves as the foundation for further research that enables them to speak responsibly and authoritatively. While personal experiences are a valuable source of information, speakers should always validate, update, and broaden such experience with research or interviews with knowledgeable people.
Speakers add substance by weaving reliable information into the fabric of their speeches. Facts and figures give precise focus to a speaker’s points. Testimony adds the authority and prestige of others to the speaker’s claims. Such testimony from knowledgeable or respected others can include expert opinions or eloquent quotations. At other times, speakers may rely on lay testimony from ordinary people with whom listeners might identify. For example, the opinions of other students might be meaningful on issues that pertain to campus life. Examples can help you understand better what speakers are talking about. Narratives can engage the audience by telling some colorful story that illustrates the speaker’s message.
Skillful speakers often combine different types of supporting material to make their points more accessible to listeners. Combining statistical data with an example can make ideas more clear and compelling. For instance, a speaker might say, “The base of the Great Pyramid at Giza measures 756 feet on each side.” While precise, this may be difficult for you to visualize. But what if the speaker adds, “More than eleven football fields could fit in its base.” Aha! This example gives you a concrete point of reference by comparing the unfamiliar or hard to understand with something you can relate to.